Industrial befoulment is a major cause of stupor in the air. Because stupor accompanies the high humidity of eastern summers, the problem often is fired as a fact of life. Haze in the coeval period, however, is mostly a product of pollution. In some areas, the magnetic core of haze cut the annual amount of solar cleverness reaching the surface of the Earth by eight-percent. The type of haze that hangs over the eastern United States and Canada has been linked to acute respiratory ailments in humans. The chemicals contained in haze attack the tissues lining the nose, throat, and lungs.
derail and summer haze over the eastern United States is smooth primarily of concentrated sulfuric acid. Most of this acid may be traced to the release of sulfur dioxide gas during the burning of high-sulfur coal by power plants, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing facilities. Sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States are concentrated in a full band extending from the mid-Mississippi Valley into the lower Great Lakes region, the mid-Atlantic states, and Confederate New England.
Once in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide bonds with oxygen sometimes in reactions enhanced by sunlight photooxidation and sometimes merely in the presence of liquid water as in the dr
Petulla, J. M. Environmental Protection in the United States. San Francisco: San Francisco Study Center, 1987.
The term social benefits may be used in two ways. First, social benefits may be considered to be all of the gains in welfare which are derived from a particularized economic decision. Alternatively, social benefits may be viewed in a more narrow context as macrocosm only those benefits accruing to those in a society other than the decision-maker(s). In this alternative approach, social benefits are contrasted to private benefits. Social benefits, in this alternative context, are viewed as externalities, or spill-over effect.
Contemporary common environmental protection policies are determined, at least in part, in the context of costs, benefits, and accountability.
For practical application, the theoretical concept of benefit-cost outline relies on the Kalder-Hicks formulation of the decision-making problem. This problem formulation holds that, when markets fail, governments should intervene when the beneficiaries would be unforced to pay more for the resulting insurance than the victims would be willing to sell it for. This approach is one in which a policy would be accepted, if it were possible for the beneficiaries to bribe the victims to accept it. It is also of the essence(p) to note, with respect to this approach, that the actual bribing of the victims by the beneficiaries is not required for an bridal of a specific policy; all that is required by this approach is that such bribing be possible. In essence, the approach is, in theory, applied as a means causing beneficiaries of a specific economic decision to pay for the social nifty employed for their private benefit.
The term social costs refers to the nub costs borne by society as a consentaneous as a result of a specific economic decision. Thus, social costs consist of (1) the opportunity costs associated with resources used, (2) the appreciate of any loss in welfare associated with a specific econom
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