Thyroids

KEY TERMS

Key Terms and Concepts

The Control of Movement

1.



Muscles and their movements

Categories of muscle

Smooth

Skeletal or striated

Cardiac

Precise movements: few muscle fibers innervated by each axon

Neuromuscular junction

Acetylcholine

Muscle contraction

Antagonistic muscles

Flexor

Extensor

Myasthenia gravis

Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions

Progressive flunk and fast fatigue

Depletion of acetylcholine after several(prenominal) action potentials in rapid succession

Treatment

Drugs that suppress immune system

Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine)

Prolongs action of acetylcholine

Fast and softened muscles

Fish

Red, slow, resistant to fatigue

Pink, intermediate speed, moderately resistant to fatigue

White, fast, forceful, fatigue quickly

Birds: discolour and dark muscles

Humans and other mammals: mixed fibers in each muscle

Fast-twitch fibers

Slow-twitch fibers

Muscle escort by proprioceptors

Stretch reflex

Muscle spindle

Stretch receptor parallel to muscle

Causes muscle to contract: decreases stretch

Golgi heftiness organ

In tendons at opposite ends of muscle

Inhibits muscle: brake against too prompt contraction

Location of body parts

Units of movement

Voluntary and in unpaid movements

Reflexes: consistent automatic responses to stimuli

Involuntary

Many behaviors: mixture of voluntary and involuntary influences

Movements with different esthesia to feedback

Ballistic movement: executed as a whole; cannot be altered after initiated

High sensitivity to feedback

Threading needle

Singing

Delayed auditory feedback

Infant reflexes

Grasp reflex

Babinski reflex

Rooting reflex

Cerebral cortex damage in adults à infant reflexes released from inhibition

Allied reflexes: several reflexes elicited together

Sequences of behaviors

Central pattern generators

Rhythmic movements

Frequency of repetition: governed by spinal cord

Motor plan: fixed sequence of movements

Learned or built in

Birds: wing cite when dropped

Humans: yawning

Categories of movement

Spinal motor neuron: final common path

Many brain areas make different patterns

Brain Mechanisms of Movement

1. The role of the cerebral cortex

Primary motor cortex:...

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